Power

Open Access Article

1 - Shiite Foghaha and Monitoring Political Power
توحيد محرمي

The author examines the notion of monitoring "political power" monitoring presented theories in Shiite foghaha’s views. Disscussing views regarding the necessity and sufficiency of inner control, as well as those regarding the necessity of both inner and outer control, More

The author examines the notion of monitoring "political power" monitoring presented theories in Shiite foghaha’s views. Disscussing views regarding the necessity and sufficiency of inner control, as well as those regarding the necessity of both inner and outer control, constitute the core issues of this essay. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Relation between Self and Political Power in St. Augustine’s Thought
mohamad ali tavana

St Augustine’s Confessions is the first autobiography in western literature. It introduced first- person point of view to western thought. First- person point of view is an initiation to the concept of ‘self’. The City of God is the only work of St Augustine’s to episod More

St Augustine’s Confessions is the first autobiography in western literature. It introduced first- person point of view to western thought. First- person point of view is an initiation to the concept of ‘self’. The City of God is the only work of St Augustine’s to episodically include his political philosophy, and therefore a good reference to understand his views on the subject. The present article is to examine the relation between ‘self’ and ‘political power’ in St Agustin’s thought, employing an intertextual approach. In doing so, we will start by discussing the process of formation of ‘self’ in his thought. Then will refer to the ontological and epistemological origins of political power in The City of God. At the end, it is shown that the sense of ‘self’ has an instrumental approach to ‘political power’. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Political Sociological Analysis from Discourse Perspective: Rationale and Epistemological Outcomes
علي حسن‌پور Aliapshraf Nazari

In recent years, due to evolutions like globalization, expansion of communication, and the formation of new social movements, classic concepts of political sociology like state, ideology, power, groups and social system, class and so on undergone deep changes; so that i More

In recent years, due to evolutions like globalization, expansion of communication, and the formation of new social movements, classic concepts of political sociology like state, ideology, power, groups and social system, class and so on undergone deep changes; so that is seems Marxist theories, positivism and behaviorism theories, Weberian analysis of society and state, elitism, functionalism, pluralism and corporatism all seem to be unable to analyze the contemporary societies. In recent years, the discourse theory could make connections between elements like power, ideology and culture and found many applications in different areas of humanities especially political sciences. It is attempted in this article, after comprehending the discourse theory, the nature of state, the base of social groups’ formation, power, culture, “new social movements” and kinds of discourses quarrel in social area to turn into the hegemonic discourse, to review and analyze the role of subject in political struggles and “status of state” from the perspective political sociology. Some of the most significant results of this study include: the outweighing of culture as the arena of struggle and encounters, attending to “representations”, the plurality of views and interests, desegregation of different areas of society and bringing the power conflict into society and “street” spaces and so on. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Theoretical Explanation of “Soft Power” based on Ultra-“Nye” approach in Applying “Immaterial Resources of Power” in Foreign Policy1
asghar keivan Hosseiny راحله جمعه‌زاده

The Concept of Soft Power introduced by Joseph Nye in late eighties has comprised most parts of works related to immaterial approach toward power (especially in relation to USA). The significant point is that the exclusive position of this kind of “Nye-Based attitude” w More

The Concept of Soft Power introduced by Joseph Nye in late eighties has comprised most parts of works related to immaterial approach toward power (especially in relation to USA). The significant point is that the exclusive position of this kind of “Nye-Based attitude” which caused other ideas and comments related to explicating quality of soft application of power to be neglected and forgotten though they have high priorities in foreign policy (like the theory of just war, the conclusion of democratic peace, Post-Grameci interpretation of Dominance and so on). This study, based on the explication of software dimension along with the Nye ideas, attempts to emphasize this meaning that along the process of theorizing international relations, Nye’s view is just one of the theories which emphasizes the soft mode of power and we must follow an Ultra-Nye sample. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Comparison of Authoritarian Government and the Relationship of People with Government in Ghazali and Hobbes
mohamad ali tavana farzad azarkamand

This article studies the basics of forming powerful government and the relationship between people with government in Ghazali and Hobbes thought. Special view of both of the thinkers to nature of human is intellectual foundation of forming authoritative government. Acco More

This article studies the basics of forming powerful government and the relationship between people with government in Ghazali and Hobbes thought. Special view of both of the thinkers to nature of human is intellectual foundation of forming authoritative government. According to the four human traits, Ghazali tries to educate the divine human that acts passively under divine governance. Since religion and politics don’t separate from each other in Ghazali’s view, so in government, divinity of these traits joins to politics and powerful government. But Hobbes believed that human have power demand and warrior nature in addition, in primary and natural human condition, the war has been going on against each other. And human try to rescue themselves according to their wisdom. So, they established an authoritative government with their foresight. Therefore, the subject of both of them is largely same, but their processing is different. It means that both of these intellectuals lived in restless period, and the necessity of security causes them to resort to authoritative government. On the other hand, both of these intellectuals assign passive roles for people; however, Ghazali’s argumentation method is canonical and Hobbes’s method is rational. Moreover it seems that the rational theory of Hobbes – accepting the possibility of insurgence-paves the way for going beyond the authoritative government, although the canonical theory of Hobbes leads to one type of reproduction of authoritative government. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The role of power, co- imagination and extremism in creating human identity
Fatemeh Shahrezaei Keikavoos Yakideh

This article has been based on this hypothesis that extremism as one of the ways in which power is exercised, is a reaction of individual or individuals who are obedient of power for regaining identity for responding the question" What is the role of power and extremi More

This article has been based on this hypothesis that extremism as one of the ways in which power is exercised, is a reaction of individual or individuals who are obedient of power for regaining identity for responding the question" What is the role of power and extremism in the creation of human identity". In this qualititative research by interpretative methods, human personality and identity in view of philosophy, politics, psychology and sociology scholars have been studied according to Martin Heidegger’s definition of "Man-Dasein"’s view and have been recognized and denominated two different synchronous types of "Identity" for every individual entitled: "Existent Identity" (in the sense of what a person identified and defined by it) and "Conceivable Identity" (in the sense of identity depicted in the mind of Person, and other imaginable identities for each person), which have relation and influence on each other. By reviewing "Dasein", who recognizes himself on his own base, the necessity of adapting existent and conceivable identity in his life is appeared, and by focusing on the role of power and the ways in which power is exercised in the light of adapting two types of identities as a goal, a process of exercising power is realized and named as "co- imagination" (in the meaning of the process of interference, change and determination of wishes, goals and desires of others in various ways -intentionally and unintentionally-, and considering others only as tools for providing conditions for gaining own demands, goals, aspirations or of own institution, group, community and . . . ). The subjection of this Co-imagination, who wishes to reclaim this "conceivable identity", while attempting extreme reactions, tending to subjugate the others, have been followed in different scope of "Dasein" to mark the invasive surroundings to Dasein Identity in order to make calculable and predictable version of Dasein, and to find the consequences and to provide the consequences and solution seeking means of extremism which may provide guidelines for afterthoughts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Analysis of The Conceptual Shift of The Political Philosophy Based on The Two Components of Power and Truth at The Thought of Strauss, Arendt and Foucault
mohammad bagher khorramshad mohammad ismael nozari

Until now, different interpretations have been presented concerning the nature of the Political philosophy in different paradigms and there is no similar assumptions toward the nature of the political philosophy among the thinkers. The present paper also seeks to answer More

Until now, different interpretations have been presented concerning the nature of the Political philosophy in different paradigms and there is no similar assumptions toward the nature of the political philosophy among the thinkers. The present paper also seeks to answer this question that how we can explain the existence of the different imaginations and interpretations concerning the essence and nature of the political philosophy? Hypothesis of this paper is as follows: Conceptual shifting and changing of the two fundamental concepts namely truth and power in different paradigmatic patterns framework and different relation which is defined and established between these two concepts under different paradigms among two above-mentioned concepts, have been resulted in formation of the various interpretations concerning the essence of the political philosophy and its conceptual shift. Present enquiry, have been attempted to analyze the nature of the political philosophy, concretely, in the light of the two fundamental concepts namely the truth and the power of the Strauss, Arendt And Foucault thought by adopting comparative analysis and by adopting textual approach. For this purpose, we have shown that the existence of the transcendental truth has been presupposed at the strauss’s thought. Here, power is perceived as the object of the Political philosophy and Political philosophy as intellectual knowledge is appeared as truth discourse. But arendt draw the truth from transcendental field into the public sphere and communication and intersubjectivity area. Therefore, power link up with deliberative and conversational politics and the Political philosophy is drawn from merely mental activity into the practical action area. But in foucault’s thought, power is considered as capillary phenomenon concealed behind every knowledge and the Political philosophy acts as instrument which is used to justify the power relations that is focused on constructing truth regime. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Arendt’s Political Thought and the Possibility of Change in International Relations
Homeira Moshirzadeh Arya Moknat

20.1001.1.20085796.1400.13.29.6.6

According to mainstream IR theories and, in particular, realism, violence is and will remain to be an essential and inseparable part of international relations. All variations of realism view human nature and/or intentional system as inherently violent. Hannah Arendt’s More

According to mainstream IR theories and, in particular, realism, violence is and will remain to be an essential and inseparable part of international relations. All variations of realism view human nature and/or intentional system as inherently violent. Hannah Arendt’s theory of political power as a non-violent and collective human action challenges this fundamental assumption and offers a new perspective on what constitutes the essence of politics. Arendt’s idea of “human condition” rejects all forms of essentialism with regard to human beings and opens up a theoretical space for a new understanding of international relations where human beings become the primary political agents (despite the fact that she sees the existing international relations more from a realist point of view). Contrary to mainstream IR theories in general, and to realism in particular, for Arendt the individuals, rather than the states, are ultimately the main players in international relations. In this paper, we bind different aspects of Arendt’s political thought together to offer a new theoretical perspective for a possible change in world politics. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Power in the Perspective of Neojihadism: The Presence of Neo-Jihadism in International Relations
Tayebeh Mohammadi kia

20.1001.1.20085796.1401.17.31.5.5

This paper examines the notion of power in the discourse of Neo-jihadism. The meaning of power in discourses is shaped by the new meanings they provide. Meanings raised in the new discourse of jihadism come out of the depths of tradition. Their meanings, concepts, and a More

This paper examines the notion of power in the discourse of Neo-jihadism. The meaning of power in discourses is shaped by the new meanings they provide. Meanings raised in the new discourse of jihadism come out of the depths of tradition. Their meanings, concepts, and actions can be found in religious literature. This discourse has a religious ideology and global agents and also it has a far history of gaining power and governance. Based on this experience and mentality the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, with its short history, has been waiting for power to come back to the world arena. The meaning of power in this movement is different from power in the experienced and well-known terrorist movements. The concept of power is contrasted with its modern meaning. On the other hand, modern politics should be considered the main enemy of this movement. Modern politics has embraced the whole world. therefore, Neo-jihadism movement needs comprehensive power to fight it. This power is also displayed with a different faceSuicide bombers represent this power all over the world with their death one can say they bring the power to global politics. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - A Comparative Study of Rorty’s Irony and Foucault’s Parrhesia
MohammadReza Sedghi Rezvani Seyed Mohammad Ali Taghavi

Irony is one of the constitutive concepts in Richard Rorty’s pragmatism. The ironist is his ideal type of the person: self-creative and self-conscious, aware of his own contingency, anti-foundationalist, and always ready to revise his account of the self and the world r More

Irony is one of the constitutive concepts in Richard Rorty’s pragmatism. The ironist is his ideal type of the person: self-creative and self-conscious, aware of his own contingency, anti-foundationalist, and always ready to revise his account of the self and the world radically. Michel Foucault, on the other hand, is concerned with the concept parrhesia. Parrhesiastes is a type of person comparable to the ironist. Hence, the main question in this paper is: what are the similarities and differences between the Rorty’s ironist and Foucault’s parrhesiastes. We will see that while the ironist is keen to confine irony to the private realm, in order not to humiliate anybody, the parrhesiastes has no reluctance to go beyond the limits of the private, and to speak the truth. He does not avoid the risk of saying the truth to those in power even at the cost of his life, while the former is more cautious. Self-creation and autonomy is shared between the two types of personalities. Socrates is the embodiment of both personalities. He is praised as an ironist as well as a parrhesiastes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Explaining the relationship between state and society: from one-sided frameworks to reciprocal links
sara akbari Vahid sinaee Mehdi Najafzadeh eslami eslami

20.1001.1.20085796.1401.17.31.10.0

Explaining the relationship between the state and society is one of the most important theoretical challenges in political science. In a theoretical conflict and as a result of numerous criticisms of one-dimensional explanations of society or the state, the key question More

Explaining the relationship between the state and society is one of the most important theoretical challenges in political science. In a theoretical conflict and as a result of numerous criticisms of one-dimensional explanations of society or the state, the key question is to what extent univariate and one-sided theories have the power to explain and answer why and how the relationship between state and society is and what are their shortcomings. This article first seeks to critique the analytical tradition in the literature on government-society relations and then explain the components of historical institutionalism as one of the approaches in political science. According to this view, the government and society have mutually influenced each other in their historical process. This view sees the power of the state and the manifestation of this power in connection with the power of the society and considers the existing institutional arrangements in society and their transformation as the product of the connection of power structures in a historical process. The main components of this theory are “important milestones, path dependence, timing and sequence, events, design, and institutional transformation”.¬ The analytical framework presented in this paper is based on systematic attention to how institutional arrangements are established and consolidated in the context of time, and therefore rather than having the characteristics of specific theories, it is introduced as a general theoretical framework. It may have more power to analyze the role of institutions in the social sciences in general and political science in particular. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The Conceptual Course of the Limitation of Power in the Political Thought of the Qajar Era (Transition Process from Authoritarian Monarchy to Constitutional Monarchy)
Abialghasem Shahryari Seyed Hossein Athari mohsen khalili mahdi najafzadeh

Investigating the history of the political thought of power limitation in the Qajar era, which led to the constitutional monarchy, is the aim of the present study, and the question has been raised that what process the concept of constitutional monarchy goes through as More

Investigating the history of the political thought of power limitation in the Qajar era, which led to the constitutional monarchy, is the aim of the present study, and the question has been raised that what process the concept of constitutional monarchy goes through as the final manifestation of the power limitation in the Qajar era. Skinner's research program was selected as the basis of the research, which believes in the historical course of thought, and considers it identifiable through linguistic conventions. The result of the study shows that the constitutional monarchy is the result of the development of three linguistic covenants in the limitation of power: the limitation of power first entered the field of Iranian political thought during the reign of Feth Ali Shah as the limited king, and then in the Nasrid era with two covenants of absolute monarchy. And moderate monarchy developed. The final course of the idea of power limitation was in the era of Mozaffari, when the continuation of the autocratic monarchy led to very unfavorable conditions in Iran and the transition from it was considered a constitutional monarchy. In Skinner's opinion, all the processes used to limit power in the Qajar era are corrective measures to legitimize the political system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The Relationship Between Innovations in Power and Governance in the Thought of "Michel Foucault" and "Gilles Deleuze"
Mohammad Malekifar Ali Mokhtari hamdallah akvani Abuzar Fatahizadeh

20.1001.1.20085796.1401.17.32.11.3

The dominant view among liberal and Marxist thinkers indicates that the ruling power seeks to adopt a legal order within a specific territory. Therefore, the ruling power is considered as a system of legal obligations and prohibitions that are applied withinthe law. But More

The dominant view among liberal and Marxist thinkers indicates that the ruling power seeks to adopt a legal order within a specific territory. Therefore, the ruling power is considered as a system of legal obligations and prohibitions that are applied withinthe law. But thinkers such as "Michel Foucault" and "Gilles Deleuze" recognize a gap in governance mechanisms. Foucault believes that since the 17thand 18thcenturies, instead of legal prohibitions, the government sought to shape its subjects in a positive way and tried to cultivate normal and obedient subjects. In the continuation of Foucault's studies, Gilles Deleuze continues that 20thcentury governments by regulatory ways, tryto lead the subjects towards their goals. In consequence, this article tries to address the question of what factor causes change in the way of governance in Foucault's and Deleuze's thought? The phenomenological examination of the opinions of these two thinkers shows that the root of innovation to governancelies in power. Manuscript profile

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